Honoring hardware entitlement of a hardware thread

ABSTRACT

A method for scheduling the execution of a computer instruction, receive an entitlement processor resource percentage for a logical partition on a computer system. The logical partition is associated with a hardware thread of a processor of the computer system. The entitlement processor resource percentage for the logical partition is stored in a register of the hardware thread associated with the logical partition. An instruction is received from the logical partition of the computer system and the processor dispatches the instruction based on the entitlement processor resource percentage stored in the register of the hardware thread associated with the logical partition.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of computervirtualization, and more particularly to hardware thread entitlement.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

System virtualization creates multiple virtual systems from a singlephysical system. The physical system can be a stand-alone computer, oralternatively, a computing system utilizing clustered computers andcomponents. Virtual systems are independent operating environments thatuse virtual resources made up of logical divisions of physical resourcessuch as processors, memory and input/output (I/O) adapters. Systemvirtualization is typically implemented through hypervisor technology.Hypervisors, also called virtual machine managers, use a thin layer ofcode in software or firmware to achieve fine-grained, dynamic resourcesharing.

The hypervisor provides the ability to divide physical system resourcesinto isolated logical partitions (also referred to as LPARs). Each LPARoperates like an independent system running its own operatingenvironment (i.e., a virtual system). The hypervisor can allocatededicated processors, I/O adapters, and memory to each LPAR. Thehypervisor can also allocate shared processors to each LPAR. Morespecifically, the hypervisor creates virtual processors from physicalprocessors, so that LPARs can share the physical processors whilerunning independent operating environments.

Although each LPAR acts as an independent server, the LPARs on aphysical server can share resources with each other. The hypervisor'sability to share resources among many LPARs allows increased resourceutilization by shifting the server resources to where they are needed.

A processor is a device that executes programmable instructions. Aprocessor core consists of components for execution of programmableinstructions: floating point unit, fixed point unit, branch unit,load/store unit, internal caches, associated pipeline, General PurposeRegisters (GPRs), Special Purpose Registers (SPRs) and Floating PointRegisters (FPRs). In modern day superscalar processors, to increase theutilization of execution units, and hence throughput of work done byprocessor, the execution units are shared among multiple hardwarethreads in a time-shared manner, such that to the executing software itappears as if the processor is dedicated to itself. To achieve that,certain essential processor resources like GPRs, FPRs, SPRs areduplicated to create a notion of “hardware thread”, sometimes referredto as a “Central Processing Unit (CPU) thread.” In a sense, an LPARconsists of multiple software processes, in which a software processconsists of multiple software threads, in which each software thread canexecute on a hardware thread.

The more processors assigned to an LPAR, the greater the number ofconcurrent operations the LPAR can run at any given time. Dedicatedprocessors are physical processors that are assigned to a singlepartition. Conversely, shared processors are physical processors whoseprocessing capacity is shared among multiple LPARs.

Simultaneous multithreading is the ability of a single physicalprocessor to simultaneously dispatch instructions from more than onehardware thread. Because there are two or more hardware threads perphysical processor, additional instructions can run at the same time.

Context switching is this process of swapping one program out of theCentral Processing Unit (CPU) and replacing it with another process'sinstructions. Context switching is how the computer's operating systemmultitasks different programs. Using context switching, one programexecutes for a while and then saves a copy of the program's executionstate (such as register values), restores the execution state of thenext program to execute on the processor. A context switch can bereferred to as a “register context switch,” or a “frame switch,” or a“thread context switch.”

SUMMARY

Aspects of an embodiment of the present invention disclose a method,computer program product, and computing system, to schedule theexecution of a computer instruction. The method includes receiving anentitlement processor resource percentage for a logical partition on acomputer system. The method further includes associating the logicalpartition with a hardware thread of a processor of the computer system.The method further includes storing the entitlement processor resourcepercentage for the logical partition in a register of the hardwarethread associated with the logical partition. The method furtherincludes receiving an instruction from the logical partition of thecomputer system and the processor dispatching the instruction based onthe entitlement processor resource percentage stored in the register ofthe hardware thread associated with the logical partition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a computer infrastructure, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 depicts the relationship among LPARs, SPRs, and hardware threads.

FIG. 3 depicts operations of a hardware processor controlled by aninstruction dispatcher unit, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting the steps of the arbitrary entitlementcapacity program, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting the steps of the hardware processormanager program, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of components of the computers of FIG. 1,in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer-readablemedium(s) having computer-readable program code/instructions embodiedthereon.

Any combination of computer-readable media may be utilized.Computer-readable media may be a computer-readable signal medium or acomputer-readable storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium maybe, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical,electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, ordevice, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specificexamples (a non-exhaustive list) of a computer-readable storage mediumwould include the following: an electrical connection having one or morewires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory(RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compactdisc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magneticstorage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In thecontext of this document, a computer-readable storage medium may be anytangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or inconnection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer-readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer-readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer-readable signal medium may be any computer-readable medium thatis not a computer-readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer-readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent invention may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java®, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similarprogramming languages. The program code may execute entirely on a user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).

Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in acomputer-readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmabledata processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce acomputer-implemented process such that the instructions which execute onthe computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The present invention will now be described in detail with reference tothe Figures. The following Figures provide an illustration of oneembodiment. The embodiment, taken in part or in whole, does not implyany limitations with regard to the environments in which differentembodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of computer infrastructure 100, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. Computer infrastructure 100includes: central electronics complex (CEC) 102, hypervisor 105, LPARs110 a through LPAR 110 d, requirement percentage (REQ) % 111 a throughREQ % 111 d, processor resources 120, hardware processor manager program150, entitlement special purpose register (ESPR)1% 160 a, ESPR2% 160 b,ESPR3% 160 c, ESPR4% 160 d, and arbitrary entitlement capacity program190. Entitlement SPR is sometimes referred to simply as “SPR.”

CEC 102 is a computer providing an environment for executing LPARs. Invarious embodiments, CEC 102 may include additional devices orcomponents, such as disk drives, networking adapters, etc., which arenot depicted for simplicity. Other embodiments may refer to CEC 102 as a“processor box,” a “mainframe box,” and hardware processors componentsas a “core,” In other embodiments, CEC 102 may be connected to otherCECs via a storage area network fabric, as someone skilled in the artswould recognize.

Hypervisors provides the ability to divide physical system resources,processors, memory, and I/O, and allocate the resources to isolatedLPARs. In one embodiment, hypervisor 105 can allocate dedicatedprocessor resources, dedicated I/O resources, and dedicated memoryresources to each LPAR, referred to as “dedicated resources.” In anotherembodiment, hypervisor 105 can allocate some resources to be dedicatedand some resources to be shared, a “hybrid” allocation. In the depictedembodiment, hypervisor 105 allocates shared processor resources, shared110 resources, and shared memory resources to each LPAR, referred to as“shared resources.” In the depicted embodiment, the shared resources arealso referred to as “virtual”, such as “virtual processors.”

Strategies of sharing 100% of resources include, but are not limited totime-sharing processor resources among multiple LPARs, which are managedby hypervisor software according the LPAR's entitlement requirements;and/or hypervisor 105 stores a value in a special purpose register,entitlement SPR, associated with a hardware thread and associated withLPAR's entitlement requirement. Furthermore, processor's instructiondispatcher unit 145 will honor the entitlement SPR's value andconsequently dispatches instructions from hardware threads in accordanceof entitlement SPR's value. This way the LPAR's entitlement requirementis managed entirely in the processor hardware and hence does not requirethe hypervisor to preempt. In the depicted embodiment, the latterstrategy is implemented. For instance, if an LPAR entitlement SPR is50%, the processor will attempt to provide the LPAR execution time equalto 50%. All resources necessary to execute the LPAR are dedicated to theLPAR during execution of that LPAR.

In the depicted embodiment, hypervisor 105 links an LPAR's REQ % with anentitlement SPR. Hypervisor 105 loads the entitlement SPR with thelinked REQ % value. Consequently, linking a REQ % to an entitlement SPRdedicates the LPAR to the specific entitlement SPR. There is aone-to-one correspondence between LPARs/REQ % and entitlement SPRs. Noother LPAR will use the linked entitlement SPR, thus there is notime-sharing of entitlement SPRs among LPARs. For instance, if REQ % 111a is 25%, hypervisor 105 will link LPAR 110 a to an availableentitlement SPR, such as ESPR1% 160 a, and set ESPR1% 160 a to 25%. Inthe depicted embodiment, LPAR 110 a can be linked to ESPR1% 160 a forthe entire lifecycle of LPAR 110 a. Although, in other embodiments, inthe course of a LPAR lifecycle, hypervisor 105 may rearrange the links.

Hypervisor 105 communicates with a Hardware Management Console (HMC)computer via a network connection (not shown), which is part of thestorage area network fabric mentioned previously. The HMC computer isoperated by an administrator and issues commands to hypervisor 105 andreceives information status from hypervisor 105, such as an LPAR'sexecution performance. Hypervisor 105 receives the LPAR's profile alongwith the associated REQ % from the HMC computer. Hypervisor 105 containsarbitrary entitlement capacity program 190.

Each LPAR, LPAR 110 a to LPAR 110 d, operates as an independent systemrunning its own operating environment (i.e., a virtual system), such asa UNIX-like operating system, and possibly one or more applications. Anapplication may be an application server; such server may provideinformation on airline flights. Hypervisor 105 is controlling theexecution of LPAR 110 a to LPAR 110 d.

LPAR 110 a to LPAR 110 d contain REQ % 111 a through REQ % 111 d,respectively. REQ % 111 a through REQ % 111 d each holds an enumerationthat represents the percentage of dispatches that the associated LPARdeems necessary to execute efficiently, deemed entitlement processorresource percentage. The REQ % is included in the LPAR profile. An LPARprofile is a list of LPAR attributes. For instance, an LPAR thatprovides public information on airline flights might only require fivepercent of resources, leaving 95% of resources available for other LPARsin the CEC. However, an LPAR that provides data-mining for proteins mayrequire 50% of resources, as the application of LPAR would becomputationally expensive. Furthermore, the need for an LPAR contextswitch is minimized, or possibly eliminated, as hypervisor 105 isutilizing processor hardware enablement of entitlement SPR to provideevery LPAR a specified share of virtual resources as per given profile'sREQ %.

In the depicted embodiment, REQ % 111 a through REQ % 111 d may be inthe range of zero percent to one-hundred percent. The granularity is tothe hundredth percentage place, for example 52.85%. In otherembodiments, the range or granularity may be different. In otherembodiments, the value may be symbols equated to enumerations. Forinstance, the symbols: A, B, C, D may correspond to percentages: 10%,20%, 30%, and 40%. Furthermore, in other embodiments, REQ % 111 athrough REQ % 111 d values can be stored within hypervisor 105 andsimply associated with the appropriate LPAR. In still other embodiments,REQ % 111 a through REQ % 111 d may be stored outside the CEC, such ason a HMC computer, or other devices, not shown, as long as hypervisor105 has access to REQ % 111 a through REQ % 111 d.

REQ % 111 a through REQ % 111 d may each be changed at any time duringthe lifecycle of the associated LPAR. The change may be made by usingthe HMC computer by an administrator or by software acting in proxy withthe same privileges as an administrator executing on the network withaccesses to the LPAR's profile. In the depicted embodiment, one the REQ% is established, hypervisor 105 has to recalculate available resourcesto understand if any modifications can be accommodated or not. Invarious embodiments, REQ % can be changed dynamically provided physicalresources are available. There are many scheduling combinations, assomeone skilled in the arts would recognize.

In the depicted embodiment, the HMC computer communicates withhypervisor 105. Using the HMC computer an administrator builds an LPARprofile which in-turn is used by hypervisor 105 to construct an LPARwith the proper attributes, including the proper REQ %.

Processor resources 120 communicates with hardware processor managerprogram 150. Processor resources 120 are the physical processing devicesthat execute a hardware thread, in the depicted embodiment each physicalprocessing device is labeled as a central processing unit (CPU). Virtualprocessors are allocated from the pool of physical processing devices.In the depicted embodiment there are eight CPUs, however, in otherembodiments the number of CPUs may be greater or less than eight.

Hardware processor manager program 150 is contained in the hardwareprocessor. Hardware processor manager 150 program uses ESPR 1% 160 athrough ESPR 4% 160 d in the execution of hardware threads. In oneembodiment, steps of hardware processor manager program 150 areimplemented in hardware logic in the processor's instruction dispatcherunit 145. Instruction dispatcher unit 145 dispatches instructions to theexecution unit in accordance with the REQ % value contained in theentitlement SPRs. In the depicted embodiment, a hardware thread containsinstructions only from one associated LPAR and is dedicated to anentitlement SPR. Hardware processor manager program 150 is furtherdiscussed in FIG. 2 and FIG. 5.

ESPR1% 160 a, ESPR2% 160 b, ESPR3% 160 c, and ESPR4% 160 d, each holdone REQ %. ESPR1% 160 a, ESPR2% 160 b, ESPR3% 160 c, and ESPR4% 160 d,storage is managed by hypervisor 105. Hardware processor manager program150 uses the entitlement SPRs to determine the percentage of corecapacity to allocate to an associated hardware thread. All entitlementSPRs will have sufficient storage capacity necessary to hold a REQ %. Inthe depicted embodiment there are four entitlement SPRs, however, inother embodiments there may be more or less entitlement SPRs. The numberof entitlement SPRs will equal the number of hardware threads.

Arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 is contained in hypervisor105. Arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 is the software thatacquires and tracks available entitlement on each physical CPU.Arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 assigns each REQ % to ahardware thread on available physical CPU and stores the REQ % value inthe associated hardware thread's entitlement SPR.

FIG. 2 depicts the relationship among LPAR 210 a, LPAR 210 b, LPAR 210c, LPAR 210 d, ESPR 215 a, ESPR 215 b, ESPR 215 c, ESPR 215 d, hardwarethread 220 a, hardware thread 220 b, hardware thread 220 c, and hardwarethread 200 d, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 2 contains LPAR 210 a through LPAR 210 c, hypervisor105, ESPR 215 a through ESPR 215 d, hardware processor manager program150, hardware thread 220 a through hardware thread 220 d, and arbitraryentitlement capacity program 190.

LPAR may be associated with one or more hardware threads and eachhardware thread has one entitlement SPR. Arbitrary entitlement capacityprogram 190 links each LPAR to a hardware thread, where each hardwarethread has one entitlement SPR. For instance, in the depictedembodiment, LPAR 210 a is linked with ESPR 215 a. ESPR 215 a percentageis loaded with the value contained in LPAR 210 a REQ %, which is 25%.LPAR 210 b REQ % is linked with ESPR % 215 b. ESPR % 215 b is loadedwith the value contained in LPAR 210 b REQ %, which 10%, and so on andso forth. This allocation of LPAR to entitlement SPR would continueuntil all LPARs are each assigned an entitlement SPR, and theentitlement SPR is loaded with the associated LPAR's REQ %.

Hardware processor manager program 150 can be software, hardware,firmware, or any combination, but in various embodiments hardwareprocessor manager program 150 is implemented as a hardware entity. Invarious embodiments, hardware processor manager program 150 providessufficient resources for execution of a hardware thread. Eachentitlement SPR is dedicated to a single LPAR, and consequently ahardware thread, containing a group of instructions, possibly one, ofthe LPAR. Since a hardware thread is linked to an entitlement SPR, andentitlement SPR is linked to an LPAR, the hardware thread is indirectlylinked to an LPAR. In the depicted embodiment once a hardware thread isassociated with an entitlement SPR, the association remains intact untilthe LPAR is removed by hardware processor manager program 150. In otherembodiments, hardware processor manager program 150 a hardware thread isnot linked with a specific entitlement SPR, which allows hardwarethreads to be loaded with instructions from any LPAR. However, in allembodiments, hardware processor manager program 150 keeps track of whichhardware thread has which LPAR instructions and still provides thepercentage of core capacity to the hardware thread temporarilyassociated with an LPAR.

Hardware processor manager program 150 will provide to the hardwarethread sufficient resources equal to, or approximately equal to, theassociated entitlement SPR % value. For instance. LPAR 210 b requirementis 10%, which means LPAR 210 b requires a minimum of 10% of corecapacity; consequently, hardware processor manager program 150 willattempt to dispatch LPAR 210 b hardware thread 10% of the time.

In other embodiments, an LPAR link can be moved to another entitlementSPR or an LPAR can be linked to several entitlement SPRs. In theseembodiments, hardware processor manager program 150 manages the multipleentitlement SPRs and hardware threads linked to a single LPAR. However,in the depicted embodiment, if the profile of a running LPAR is changed,it is considered a new LPAR; consequently, the LPAR/ESPR/hardware threadlink is removed and the LPAR would be a free entitlement SPR.

FIG. 3 depicts operations of a hardware processor controlled byinstruction dispatcher unit 145, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. FIG. 3 contains instruction dispatcher unit 145,hardware processor manager program 150, ESPR 160 a-160 n, instructionfetch unit 320, hardware threads 330 a-330 n, thread resources 335 a-335n, and EXO 340 a through EXn 340 n.

The depicted embodiment in FIG. 3 shows a variable number of hardwarethreads, in practice, as mentioned previously, there is a sufficientnumber of hardware threads for a one-to-one association with an LPAR. Insome embodiments, functions of the hardware processor manager programand/or instruction dispatcher unit 145 are incorporated in a ThreadScheduler, not shown.

The hardware processor manager program 150, contained within instructiondispatcher unit 145, as previously mentioned, honors the entitlementSPR's value, stored in ESPR 160 a-160 n, and dispatches instructionsfrom hardware threads in accordance of entitlement SPR's value. ESPRholds the entitlement value for the LPAR. Hardware processor managerprogram 150 accesses the value in ESPR to determine the number ofdispatches for a particular hardware thread.

Hardware threads 330 a-330 n contain thread resources 335 a-335 n,respectively. Thread resources 335 a-335 n contain storage for theparticular hardware thread, that include, but are not limited to:instruction buffers, general purpose registers, and floating pointregisters. Instruction buffers hold the instructions (corresponding to agiven thread) fetched by instruction fetch unit 320. General PurposeRegisters (GPRs) hold fixed point data and/or addresses forcomputations. Floating Point Registers (FPRs) hold floating point datafor floating point computations. In practice, thread resources 335 a-335n may contain other special purpose registers to hold a pointer to pagetable, status, and/or control information; however, these are not shownfor simplicity. Instruction fetch unit 320 takes instructions frommemory, such as from an LPAR's instructions, and transfers theinstructions into the instruction buffer of the associated hardwarethread 330 a-330 n.

EXO 340 a through EXn 340 n are execution units that performs thecomputations, for instance, fix point/floating point computation,loading/storing data, etc. EXO 340 a through EXn 340 n producescomputation results, which are written back to GPRs/FPRs or SPRs, or tocache/memory depending upon the type of execution unit.

Typically, on each clock-cycle instruction dispatcher unit 145 willcollect a group of thread instructions from one thread and dispatch thethread instructions to resources; in the next clock-cycle instructiondispatcher unit 145 collects another group of instruction from anotherthread and dispatch them, such as there is a generally equal sharing ofthe physical resources among the threads. Conversely, in embodiments ofthe present invention, there may be an unequal sharing of physicalresources among the four threads. In each clock-cycle instructiondispatcher unit 145 collects a group of thread instructions from onethread based on the entitlement SPR % associated with the hardwarethread, such as one of the hardware threads 330 a-330 n. One hardwarethread may dominate the resources of the hardware processor, as theentitlement SPR % value, a value from ESPR 160 a-160 n, would be largerthan all the other entitlement SPR % values.

For example, for every processor clock-cycle, instruction dispatcherunit 145 would collect a group of instructions from one of the availablehardware threads, and assigns all necessary hardware resources to thegroup of instructions. For next processor clock-cycle, instructiondispatch unit 145 collects a group of instructions from another hardwarethread, possibly the same thread, and assigns the group all necessaryhardware resources. Instruction dispatcher unit 145 attempts to dispatchgroups according to the entitlement SPR. In the instance when aprocessor clock-cycle is one millisecond, for 1000 processorclock-cycles, and entitlement SPR is set to 50%, the associated hardwarethread would receive 500 dispatches. Hardware processor managementprogram 150 contains the logic to enable dispatching according to theentitlement SPR.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting the steps of arbitrary entitlementcapacity program 190, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. Arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 sets anentitlement SPR to a percentage and links an LPAR to the entitlementSPR. Additionally, when an LPAR is terminated arbitrary entitlementcapacity program 190 unlinks the SPR with the LPAR and frees theentitlement SPR. Arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 is invokedby hypervisor 105 during the creation and a termination of an LPAR.

In decision step 405, arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190determines if an LPAR is being newly created or is being terminated.Arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 because a newly created LPARwould not contain a link; conversely, invoking arbitrary entitlementcapacity program 190 when the LPAR contains a link would indicate thatthe LPAR is being terminated. When an LPAR is being created, arbitraryentitlement capacity program 190 takes transitions to step 410 (decisionstep “YES” branch). When an LPAR is being terminated, arbitraryentitlement capacity program 190 transitions to step 450 (decision step“NO” branch).

In step 410, arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 receives arequired LPAR's REQ % from the profile of the LPAR. LPAR's REQ % ispassed as an argument to arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 atinvocation. The required LPAR's REQ %, entitlement processor resourcepercentage, is in the form of a percentage that represents the minimumamount of dispatches the LPAR requires to execute.

In step 420, arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 links theLPAR/REQ % to a free entitlement SPR. An implementation for linkingLPARs to entitlement SPRs is that of a table of LPARs and entitlementSPRs, in which entitlement SPRs are initially labeled available. AsLPARs are created arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 finds anavailable entitlement SPR in the table and associates the LPAR with thetable index. Examples of free entitlement SPR values include, but arenot limited to: 0%, <blank>, or a number greater than 100%. Anotherimplementation is utilizing a linked-list of entitlement SPRs, assomeone skilled in the arts would recognize. In some instances, theremay only be one or two LPARs created, leaving a number of entitlementSPRs without an associated LPAR, therefore, in other embodiments,arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 may use the free entitlementSPRs; thus a given LPAR would receive more resources, and moredispatches, than the LPAR's required minimum.

In step 430, arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 sets theassociated entitlement SPR, determined in step 420, to the value of theREQ % for the associated LPAR. Arbitrary entitlement capacity program190 has direct access to all entitlement SPRs. Access to the entitlementSPR can be by reference or by a hardware overlay data record, as someoneskilled in the art would recognize.

In step 440, in the case where the transition was from step 430,arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 communicates to hardwareprocessor manager program 150 the new link between entitlement SPR andLPAR, so that hardware processor manager program 150 can run the correcthardware thread instruction for the LPAR. In the case where thetransition was from step 460, arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190communicates to hardware processor manager program 150 to unlink anentitlement SPR and LPAR. In one embodiment, the communication can be inthe form of a message. In other embodiments, hardware processor managerprogram 150 can access the table of LPARs and entitlement SPRs thatarbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 utilizes in a previous step.

In step 450, arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 unlinks the LPARfrom and entitlement SPR and sets the entitlement SPR value toavailable. The unlinking entails finding the link in the table of LPARsand entitlement SPRs and setting the values to free. Setting theentitlement SPR value to available allows the entitlement SPR to bereused with another LPAR.

In step 460, arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190 clears theentitlement SPR that was associated with the LPAR that is beingterminated. Access to the entitlement SPR can be by reference or by ahardware overlay data record, as someone skilled in the art wouldrecognize.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting the steps of hardware processor managerprogram 150, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.Hardware processor manager program 150 is invoked on each clock-cycle toprovide sufficient resources and dispatches to the hardware thread.

In step 505, hardware processor manager program 150 receives updatedlink between entitlement SPR and LPAR from arbitrary entitlementcapacity program 190. In one embodiment, the link can be in a messagethat is received. Hardware processor manager program 150 stores theassociation between entitlement SPR and LPAR in memory accessible byhardware processor manager program 150.

In step 510, hardware processor manager program 150 determines whichhardware thread instructions to execute based on entitlement SPR value.Hardware processor manager program 150 keeps track of how manydispatches a hardware thread received. In one embodiment, tracking is inthe form of a tracking table that simply counts dispatches per a numberof cycle times, for instance, 1000 hertz. Hardware processor managerprogram 150 determines which hardware thread will receive processorresources. For instance, if an entitlement SPR contains a value of 25%,hardware processor manager program 150 will execute the hardware threadlinked with the entitlement SPR 25% of the time, thus out of 1000 hertzthe entitlement SPR would receive approximately 250 dispatches. In otherembodiments, hardware processor manager program 150 performs step 510 bya Thread Scheduler or other functions of the instruction dispatcher unit145, which both may function in conjunction with hardware processormanager program 150.

In step 520, hardware processor manager program 150 allocates allnecessary resources to execute the hardware thread instructions.Instructions include, but are not limited to: (i) address generation;(ii) branch; (iii) data-cache access; (iv) execute; (v) formatting; (iv)and instruction-cache access.

FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of components of computers CEC 102, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It should beappreciated that FIG. 6 provides only an illustration of oneimplementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to theenvironments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Manymodifications to the depicted environment may be made.

CEC 102 include communications fabric 602, which provides communicationsbetween computer processor(s) 604, memory 606, persistent storage 608,communications unit 610, and input/output (I/O) interface(s) 612.Communications fabric 602 can be implemented with any architecturedesigned for passing data and/or control information between processors(such as microprocessors, communications and network processors, etc.),system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardware componentswithin a system. For example, communications fabric 602 can beimplemented with one or more buses.

Memory 606 and persistent storage 608 are computer-readable storagemedia. In this embodiment, memory 606 includes random access memory(RAM) 614 and cache memory 616. In general, memory 606 can include anysuitable volatile or non-volatile computer-readable storage media.

Hardware processor manager program 150 and arbitrary entitlementcapacity program 190 are stored in persistent storage 608, of CEC 102,for execution and/or access by one or more of the respective computerprocessors 604 via one or more memories of memory 606. In thisembodiment, persistent storage 608 includes a magnetic hard disk drive.Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, persistentstorage 608 can include a solid state hard drive, a semiconductorstorage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other computer-readable storagemedia that is capable of storing program instructions or digitalinformation.

The media used by persistent storage 608 may also be removable. Forexample, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage 608.Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, andsmart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto anothercomputer-readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage608.

Communications unit 610, in these examples, provides for communicationswith other data processing systems or devices, including resources ofcomputer infrastructure 100 and other devices (not shown). In theseexamples, communications unit 610 includes one or more network interfacecards. Communications unit 610 may provide communications through theuse of either or both physical and wireless communications links.

Hardware processor manager program 150 and arbitrary entitlementcapacity program 190 may each be downloaded to persistent storage 608,of CEC 102, through communications unit 610 of CEC 102.

I/O interface(s) 612 allows for input and output of data with otherdevices that may be connected to CEC 102. For example, I/O interface 612may provide a connection to external devices 618 such as a keyboard,keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable input device.External devices 618 can also include portable computer-readable storagemedia such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magneticdisks, and memory cards. Software and data used to practice embodimentsof the present invention, e.g., hardware processor manager program 150and arbitrary entitlement capacity program 190, can be stored on suchportable computer-readable storage media and can be loaded ontopersistent storage 608 of CEC 102, via I/O interface(s) 612 of CEC 102.I/O interface(s) 612 also connect to a display 620.

Display 620 provides a mechanism to display data to a user and may be,for example, a computer monitor.

The programs described herein are identified based upon the applicationfor which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of theinvention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular programnomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus theinvention should not be limited to use solely in any specificapplication identified and/or implied by such nomenclature.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: associating a logicalpartition in a set of logical partitions to an entitlement specialpurpose register in a set of entitlement special purpose registers,wherein the logical partition does not time-share the entitlementspecial purpose register; determining an entitlement processor resourcepercentage for the logical partition; and setting an entitlement specialpurpose register percentage for the entitlement special purpose registerequal to the entitlement processor resource percentage; wherein: atleast determining the entitlement processor resource percentage for thelogical partition is performed by computer software running on computerhardware.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the entitlement processorresource percentage is a percentage of an execution capacity of the setof logical partitions.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the entitlementprocessor resource percentage is pre-defined.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein setting the entitlement special purpose register percentage forthe entitlement special purpose register equal to the entitlementprocessor resource percentage includes: linking the entitlementprocessor resource percentage with the entitlement special purposeregister percentage to dedicate the logical partition to the register.5. The method of claim 1, wherein associating the logical partition tothe entitlement special purpose register includes: linking the logicalpartition with the entitlement special purpose register to dedicate thelogical partition to the entitlement special purpose register.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: causing the logical partition todispatch an instruction to a hardware thread associated with theentitlement special purpose register for processing.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein setting the entitlement special purpose registerpercentage equal to the entitlement processor resource percentagefurther includes: determining the entitlement special purpose registerpercentage cannot reach the entitlement processor resource percentage;associating the logical partition to a second entitlement specialpurpose register in the set of entitlement special purpose registers,wherein the logical partition does not time-share the second entitlementspecial purpose register; and setting a combination of the entitlementspecial purpose register percentage and a second entitlement specialpurpose register percentage for the second entitlement special purposeregister equal to the entitlement processor resource percentage.
 8. Acomputer program comprising: a computer readable storage medium havingstored thereon: first instructions executable by a device to cause thedevice to associate a logical partition in a set of logical partitionsto an entitlement special purpose register in a set of entitlementspecial purpose registers, wherein the logical partition does nottime-share the entitlement special purpose register; second instructionsexecutable by a device to cause the device to determine an entitlementprocessor resource percentage for the logical partition; and thirdinstructions executable by a device to cause the device to set anentitlement special purpose register percentage for the entitlementspecial purpose register equal to the entitlement processor resourcepercentage.
 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein theentitlement processor resource percentage is a percentage of anexecution capacity of the set of logical partitions.
 10. The computerprogram product of claim 8, wherein the entitlement processor resourcepercentage is pre-defined.
 11. The computer program product of claim 8,wherein third instructions to set the entitlement special purposeregister percentage for the entitlement special purpose register equalto the entitlement processor resource percentage include: fourthinstructions executable by a device to cause the device to link theentitlement processor resource percentage with the entitlement specialpurpose register percentage to dedicate the logical partition to theregister.
 12. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein firstinstructions to associate the logical partition to the entitlementspecial purpose register include: fourth instructions executable by adevice to cause the device to link the logical partition with theentitlement special purpose register to dedicate the logical partitionto the entitlement special purpose register.
 13. The computer programproduct of claim 8, further comprising: fourth instructions executableby a device to cause the device to cause the logical partition todispatch an instruction to a hardware thread associated with theentitlement special purpose register for processing.
 14. The computerprogram product of claim 8, wherein third instructions to set theentitlement special purpose register percentage equal to the entitlementprocessor resource percentage further include: fourth instructionsexecutable by a device to cause the device to determine the entitlementspecial purpose register percentage cannot reach the entitlementprocessor resource percentage; fifth instructions executable by a deviceto cause the device to associate the logical partition to a secondentitlement special purpose register in the set of entitlement specialpurpose registers, wherein the logical partition does not time-share thesecond entitlement special purpose register; and sixth instructionsexecutable by a device to cause the device to set a combination of theentitlement special purpose register percentage and a second entitlementspecial purpose register percentage for the second entitlement specialpurpose register equal to the entitlement processor resource percentage.15. A computer system comprising: a processor set; and a computerreadable storage medium; wherein: the processor set is structured,located, connected, and/or programmed to execute instructions stored onthe computer readable storage medium; and the instructions include:first instructions executable by a device to cause the device toassociate a logical partition in a set of logical partitions to anentitlement special purpose register in a set of entitlement specialpurpose registers, wherein the logical partition does not time-share theentitlement special purpose register; second instructions executable bya device to cause the device to determine an entitlement processorresource percentage for the logical partition; and third instructionsexecutable by a device to cause the device to set an entitlement specialpurpose register percentage for the entitlement special purpose registerequal to the entitlement processor resource percentage.
 16. The computersystem of claim 15, wherein the entitlement processor resourcepercentage is a percentage of an execution capacity of the set oflogical partitions.
 17. The computer system of claim 15, wherein theentitlement processor resource percentage is pre-defined.
 18. Thecomputer system of claim 15, wherein third instructions to set theentitlement special purpose register percentage for the entitlementspecial purpose register equal to the entitlement processor resourcepercentage include: fourth instructions executable by a device to causethe device to link the entitlement processor resource percentage withthe entitlement special purpose register percentage to dedicate thelogical partition to the register.
 19. The computer system of claim 15,wherein first instructions to associate the logical partition to theentitlement special purpose register include: fourth instructionsexecutable by a device to cause the device to link the logical partitionwith the entitlement special purpose register to dedicate the logicalpartition to the entitlement special purpose register.
 20. The computersystem of claim 15, further comprising: fourth instructions executableby a device to cause the device to cause the logical partition todispatch an instruction to a hardware thread associated with theentitlement special purpose register for processing.